Dispersal and Regrouping of Migrant Communities Essay

Dispersal and Regrouping of Migrant Communities - Essay Example Diasporas are only gatherings that vagrants structure based on a common country, culture, and so forth. Framing a diaspora is a manner by which vagrant networks pull together in an outside nation in the wake of getting scattered in their country. A portion of these diasporas are political, and have a colossal task to carry out in the household governmental issues of both the country and the host state just as in universal legislative issues and outside issues of states; yet once more, a portion of these diasporas are objective, and their impact is constrained distinctly to culture-of both the host state and the country. This paper additionally talks about the political and social effects of diasporas. To compose this paper, an assortment of sources have been utilized books just as the web. It is trusted that the paper is convincing in itself and sufficiently clarifies everything that is significant with regards to the dispersal and pulling together of vagrant networks. Yann Martel, the Canadian writer, says something in his Booker Prize-winning novel Life of Pi that is pertinent here: Why do individuals move What causes them to evacuate and leave all that they've known for an incredible obscure into the great beyond Why climb this Mount Everest of conventions that causes you to feel like a hobo Why enter this wilderness of strangeness where everything is new, weird and troublesome The appropriate response is the equivalent the world over: individuals move in the expectation of a superior life. ( 2001: 77) Indeed, it is maybe looking for a superior life that individuals everywhere throughout the world move. Changes in a nation's political and financial circumstance can lead individuals to move from that nation to another-all looking for a superior life. Well-to-do nations in Europe and America are prime goals for transients from Third-World nations, obviously in light of the fact that they guarantee a superior life. Resurgent ethnic, strict and patriot powers have risen up out of the regularly rough crumbling of country states and their reconstitution. These new powers and other new highlights, similar to the unrest in worldwide correspondences, have joined with earlier social, monetary and political weights to produce new examples of movement in the post-Cold War time. Subsequently, from being a moderately fringe worry as of not long ago, relocation has since the late 1980s moved quickly up the universal plan to turn into an issue of warmed open discussion. ( Van Hear, 1998) Questions , for example, who ought to be permitted to move and the rights vagrants ought to have are creating such discussions. Xenophobia and prejudice have regularly made characteristic residents of a specific nation treat migrants in a manner that abuses human rights-this is additionally a prime worry for the universal network. Movement is the same old thing. It has been going on for a considerable length of time individuals moved from Europe to America when this landmass was found, obviously looking for a superior life. Route, harking back to the sixteenth century, the Mughals under Babur moved from West Asia to India-to overcome, truly, at the end of the day looking for a superior life. Significantly prior, the Aryans moved from West Asia and encompassing pieces of Europe to India-that also is a case of relocation. Yet, movement in the late twentieth century and in the 21st century has accepted various extents. Van Hear makes reference to what different pundits have

Volcano Probe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Well of lava Probe - Essay Example Weight and temperature changes in a well of lava prompts its structure and its general conduct concerning the time of arrangement to the ejection time frame. It is weight and temperature that clarifies how a spring of gushing lava is framed and how it emits on to the earth surface over the long haul (Beatty, 1998, p. 67). As a rule volcanoes typically happen in regions where structural plates veer or join or where the earth outside stretch or slender as on account of African Rift Valley. Additionally, volcanoes can emerge because of mantle tufts or hotspots which may happen a long way from the dispassionate plate's limits. Where volcanoes happen because of uniqueness of non-romantic plates, new maritime outside layer is framed by hot liquid lock or the magma which gradually cool and set. Basically, the outside layer is flimsy at these edges because of structural plates pull. Weight coming about because of the covering diminishing offers ascend to adiabatic development with another maritime outside framing because of halfway softening of the mantle. With respect to joining non-romantic plates, the crash of a mainland plate and a maritime plate results into a subduction zone which by augmentation results into the submersion of the maritime plate under the mainland plate. The subducting layer discharges water which brings down the temperature of the mantle wedge over the aftereffect of which is magma creation. Then again, hotspots which are generally situated above mantle tufts where there is convection of the mantle of the earth results into a section of hot material that ascents up to the earth outside. Tuft temperature makes the covering melt framing pipes helpful in venting magma (Beatty, 1998, p. 98). Following the above conversation, planning a spring of gushing lava test would expect one to appropriately break down the variables and powers behind spring of gushing lava arrangement. Basically, one would be required to place into thought the warm powers included and it is now that information on warm material science gets fundamental. For this situation, one would be required to plan a temperature and weight estimating framework that is perfect with changes in the two parameters and which can withstand immense changes so far as that is concerned. In that capacity, one would be required to consider the materials with which the weight and temperature estimating framework is worked from as certain materials will most likely be unable to withstand immense changes in these two parameters. For instance, metals are known to liquefy under various temperatures with some softening at lower temperatures than the others. All things considered, a portion of these metals when presented to high weights respond or act uniquely in contrast to the others (A.I.P. 2000, p. 56). Any part intended to contemplate the conduct of a fountain of liquid magma should place into thought all the warm material science parts of weight and temperature in addition to other things. Such things incorporate the admissible weight scope of the weight sensor and the temperature scope of the temperature sensor to be utilized in the estimating instrument. Similarly significant is the weight and temperature scope of the external structure repressing the sensors. In addition, the information gathered by these sensors should be transmitted to a recipient through a transmitter.

Income Protection Insurance Guide Definition, Coverage, Suitability, Pricing, Taxation

Income Protection Insurance Guide Definition, Coverage, Suitability, Pricing, Taxation One of the most important things in your life as an employed person is your income.The term “employed” as used here can either mean employed by someone or self-employed. Both are forms of employment.Hard work pays. And when you get paid for your hard work, you definitely enjoy it.This is the fruit of your labor. It is your income and you have every right to enjoy it.As much as you can go out for dinner, shopping or indulge in some way, your bills cannot be ignored. And key among them is your housing, whether rent or mortgage.Food is equally important and so are the fees for your children’s schooling if you have kids. You might also be pursuing an education yourself.Basically, there are expenses which have to be taken care of.Keeping with the cycle of working, getting paid and settling bills, what if your income suddenly disappeared?This is not a case of negative thinking. It is a call to think about the future.PROTECTING YOUR INCOMEYou obviously wouldn’t want such a situation in your life. You want everything to go well. Your employer to increase your pay.If self-employed, you want more business so as to expand and have increased sales.All this is great and even necessary to think about and look forward to. Still, in the midst of all of this, you need to plan for some not-so-good eventualities in case they show up.One eventuality is illness or disability which can cause you to be unable to work. Being unable to work means potentially being unable to earn an income.This means that you won’t be able to settle your bills. And this is not a good situation to find yourself in.Consider the below statistics: Source: Rocky Mountain ADA CenterIncome Protection InsuranceDisability can happen. In a split of a second, an accident can result in a disability.A seemingly small disease can get worse and become a more life-threatening condition. All this time, your bills will still be accumulating.To stay safe, you can protect yourself using an insurance policy called income protection. This is also known as salary continuance and is used when someone gets sick or injured and is unable to work. This insurance policy will pay you on a monthly basis to sustain you during this time.Income protection insurance can especially be great if you are self-employed or a small business owner.The risks involved in such cases are high since you are the one depended upon by the business. If you are not there, the business stalls.This is different from large corporations where structures and processes have been established. The exit or absence of one employee easily gets sorted and no much harm is experienced.But an income protection insurance policy is not just for the self-employed.The fact that employees have a constant flow of pay makes it easy for them to pay their premiums. They are also able to negotiate lower premium payments.The amount of premium paid is however depended on many factors as will be discussed later in this article.WHICH TYPE OF POLICY IS BEST FOR YOU?It’s important to have some basic understanding of the options available before going into discussions with your adviser.Although he can explain everything and answer all your questions, being informed gives you an opportunity to know what to look for.There are two main types of income protection insurance policies. They are largely different on the basis of application requirements and payment amounts.However, there are still other differences as you will see below.Indemnity Value Income ProtectionThis is the more common income protection insurance policy. It is cheaper than the other alternative. Many people apply fo r it and enjoy how it works.Because of how it has been designed, application is very easy.There are some insurers who have even provided a means for people to apply using their phones.This means that there is no requirement for things such as medical tests.Here is what distinguishes this policy from the other option:1. No proof of income amounts required during application â€" this makes these policies very popular due to the ease of application. All that you will be required to do is state the amount of income you earn.This will be used to calculate the premium amount you will be paying. Even though you are not required to give proof of your income amount, you will do best to be honest.The time of proving the income will come laterâ€"when you make a claim for payment.2. Monthly benefit payment is assessed and agreed upon at the time of claiming â€" when the time to claim comes, you will be taken through a process of finding out the truth of your claims during the application proces s.If you are employed, you will need to provide pay slips as directed by the insurer.This process can be lengthy and tiring for some people. You will have to provide whatever the insurer needs so as to assess the amount to be paid as benefits.3. Benefits paid are the lesser of 75% of your pre-disability income or monthly income insured â€" as the benefits are being calculated, there are two choices which the insurers can use for payment. Either 75% of your income amount before the disability or the monthly income insured.The amount which is lesser than the other is what will be paid out. This can be a bit disappointing in case the amount decided upon is lower than what you expected.This often happens if your salary has reduced since the time you applied.Agreed Value Income ProtectionThis is the other option for you while looking to insure your income.Although the same purposes are served as with the indemnity option, it goes about it a bit differently.This option also tends to be qu ite expensive and not as popular as the indemnity policy.Here are some of the ways it distinguishes itself:1. Income amount is proved during application â€" to apply for this policy, you have to avail yourself to the insurer with evidence of the pay amounts you currently receive.This will be part of the process and the figures will help determine premium amounts.For this reason, those applying for it are fewer. It is also more expensive due to the amounts to be paid as benefits. The next point explains this further.2. Monthly benefit payment is assessed and agreed upon during application â€" as the name of this policy indicates, the amount to be paid is agreed upon at the time of application.Take note that the insurer will have to stick to this figure since it is what has been agreed upon.As such, the insurer has to calculate the premium amounts which will provide the benefits amount. This makes the policy more expensive since the insurer has to cover himself.That only means higher premium payments.3. Provides certainty in the amount to be received after claim â€" once the amount to be paid as benefits is agreed upon, there can be no change. That is the amount that will be paid.This makes the policy a good choice for someone who wants predictability.This helps in planning for those situations in which you might be unable to work. If you know that you will get a certain amount of money which will be enough for your expenses, then you are at peace. HOW MUCH DO INCOME PROTECTION INSURANCE POLICIES COST?This is a central talking point in the discussion about insurance policies. They are definitely an expense and you want to know how much it will cost you.The first thing to understand is that there is no specific answer to this question. Insurance policies differ from one another depending on how they have been designed.As much as there are only two major types, there are things one insurer will consider while the other one won’t.That aside, there are some common factors which determine the cost of income protection policies. Here we will briefly discuss 7 factors.From these, you will be able to know whether yours will be cheaper or expensive.Percentage of Income to be CoveredIn the discussion which you will have with your insurer, you will be the one asking for certain benefits. The insurer will then advise on the possibility or impossibility of your request.Alternatively, you can present your information and request to know how much can be insured.Either way, your needs will be considered and they are at the center of everything. If your needs are more, then you will be required to pay a higher premium.Note that you cannot have a policy which will pay more than your gross salary.This might end up being a case of you benefiting from your illness or injury. More than that, it will simply be against insurance policy standards to offer you such a payment.For the agreed value policy, you will have some room to negotiate a higher benefits payme nt if that’s what you want.Just keep in mind that this is determined by your current income. If your pay cannot sustain it, then you may not get it.Waiting PeriodThe waiting period is the time it takes for the coverage to begin or the claim to be made. It is a duration of time which is agreed on by you and the insurer.This period is usually part of the terms of the policy. It ensures that you cannot claim benefits within a certain time frame.Depending on what you want and what is agreed on, the waiting time will vary. It can be anything from 3 months to even 1 year.In health insurance for example, this is implemented to prevent cases where policyholders claim treatment for a disease they had before the application of the insurance plan.In some cases, some people can attempt making a claim immediately or soon after the coverage plan has began.Where the waiting time is longer, then the premiums will most likely be of lower amounts.The shorter the waiting time, the higher the premium s.Age and GenderYour age and gender are other factors which will determine the cost of your income protection insurance policy. This is informed by the different aspects of life between men and women.For example, women have generally been known to take up more insurance products compared to men. This can be traced down to pregnancies and conditions relating to their nervous systems.This points to more vulnerability. The more vulnerable you are, the higher the risk.In other cases, men might be the ones paying higher premiums because they are more likely to be involved in accidents than women. Accidents are responsible for 10% of the cases of disabilities.The age factor is an obvious one. The older you are, the more at risk you are to become sick. The younger you are, the less the risk. The elderly often have higher premiums because there are many different diseases they may suffer from.The younger ones on the other hand, are more healthy and strong, unless they have a medical conditi on. Source: Employee Benefit AdviserRange of Illnesses CoveredSince these policies cover the inability to work as a result of illnesses or injuries, there are definitely some illnesses which won’t be covered.These are those which can be ruled to be as a result of irresponsible behavior.An example is a case of sickness caused by the continued use of drugs. Drug use has its effects. In many cases, especially in extreme cases of drug abuse, things can get out of hand.Such conditions can be either short-term or long-term.Although short-term conditions can also be dangerous, it is the long-term conditions that will often stand out.Some diseases which can be caused by drug use include heart disease, cancer, lung disease and even mental illness.There is one particular drug, though considered a social drug, that can be very dangerous. In fact many insurers will question you about it. That drug is nicotine.This is found mostly in cigarettes and many insurers will ask you whether you smoke.Healt h StatusYour health status is very important to the insurer. This is because your health determines how soon you can become unable to work.During application, especially for the agreed value policy, you will have to undergo a medical test.What the results will indicate is what will be used to determine the premium.The healthier you are, the less vulnerable you are to diseases. This means cheaper premiums.Some of the diseases ranking highly as dangerous are those relating to your mind and heart.OccupationYour occupation will also play a role in determining how much you pay as premium. It is your daily work that exposes you to risks and so what you do daily counts.The manual and more specialized jobs will attract higher premium payments.For manual jobs, the number of risks involved are many. For example, you may be working in a factory where you are involved in cutting glass.What happens if you one day get injured for handling the glass without special equipment?Some professionals can also be considered high-risk individuals. Surgeons are one of them. Although they don’t do manual jobs, they operate in highly risky environments.Some surgeons work for many hours as they perform surgeries. Where the surgeons are few, the chances of stress-related conditions like anxiety and depression can be experienced.LifestyleYour lifestyle can also determine the cost of your cover. For example, you may be a fan of surfing on the beach. As much as you may be experienced, there are dangers from waves.Your chances of dying in the sea are higher than someone who spends his free time listening to music.At the same time, some sports make you more vulnerable to hurt than others. For instance, your free time may be spent practicing boxing and mixed martial arts.These can cause bodily damage. Compare this with a sport like chess which only engages the mind.Since covers look at the level of exposure to risk, the more risky your lifestyle, the more your cover will cost.TAXATIONFor Inco me protection insurance, the one paying the premiums determines whether the benefits will be tax deductible.If you pay the premiums yourself, then the benefits will not be tax-deductible. This is because you paid taxes from your income. As such, taxing the benefits payout would result in double taxation.On the other hand, if your premiums are being paid by your employer, the benefits from it are taxable. This is because the payments never went through any form of taxation.When the payout is done, this will be a source of income for you.This is why it will be taxed.You might have shared the cost of the premium with your employer. In this case, the taxes deducted will be dependent on the percentage contributed by both parties.For instance, you may have contributed 50% while your employer contributed the other 50%. When the benefits are paid out, 50% of the payment will be taxed. This represents the portion paid by your employer.CONCLUSIONSince you’re not in complete control over you r life, do the wise thing. Insure your income and live with some peace of mind.Then you’ll be safe despite any disruptions in your ability to earn an income.

D.B.H. or Diameter Breast Height Tree Measure

A trees diameter at your breast or chest height is the most common tree measurement made on a tree by tree professionals. It is also called DBH for short. The only other measurement made of a tree as important is a trees total and merchantable height. This diameter is measured over the outside bark using a diameter tape at the point foresters call breast height. Breast height is specifically defined as a point around the trunk at 4.5 feet (1.37 meters in metric using countries) above the forest floor on the uphill side of the tree. For the purposes of determining breast height, the forest floor includes the duff layer that may be present  but does not include unincorporated woody debris that may rise above the ground line. It may assume a 12-inch stump in commercial forests. DBH has traditionally been the sweet spot on a tree where measurements are taken and where a multitude of calculations are made to determine things like growth, volume, yield and forest potential. This spot at breast level is a convenient way of measuring a tree without the need to bend your waist or climb up a ladder to take the measurement. All growth, volume and yield tables are calculated to correspond with DBH. How to Measure DBH There are at least three devices you can use to measure a tree diameter. The most commonly used device is a diameter tape that reads directly into a measurement of diameter in given increments of your prefered unit of measurement (inches or millimeters). There are calipers that will hug the tree and the measurement is read using the caliper scale. There is also the Biltmore stick that is designed to use a sighting angle at a given distance from the eye and reads the left and right trunk sighting. Measuring the diameter of a normally shaped tree is straightforward. There are other situations where measuring DBH should be handled differently. Measuring a forked tree below DBH: Measure the tree diameter just below the fork swell. The measurement should be made at the normal spot if the tree forks above DBH.Measuring multiple stems from ground root sprouts: Measure each stem diameter at diameter breast height.Measuring a straight tree on a slope: Measure dbh at the upper side of the slope.Measuring a leaning tree: Measure the diameter at 4.5 feet from the base and up the lean.Measuring a Swelling Tree Base or Buttress: Measure the tree just above the swell. If the buttress stops before DBH, measure as usual.

Heat of Formation Table for Common Compounds

The molar heat of formation  (also called standard enthalpy of formation) of a compound (ΔHf) is equal to its enthalpy change (ΔH) when one mole of compound is formed at 25 °C and 1 atm from elements in their stable form. You need to know the heat of formation values to calculate enthalpy and for other thermochemistry problems. This is a table of the heats of formation for a variety of common compounds. As you can see, most heats of formation are negative quantities, which implies that the formation of a compound from its elements usually is an exothermic process. Table of Heats of Formation Compound Hf (kJ/mol) Compound Hf (kJ/mol) AgBr(s) -99.5 C2H2(g) +226.7 AgCl(s) -127.0 C2H4(g) +52.3 AgI(s) -62.4 C2H6(g) -84.7 Ag2O(s) -30.6 C3H8(g) -103.8 Ag2S(s) -31.8 n-C4H10(g) -124.7 Al2O3(s) -1669.8 n-C5H12(l) -173.1 BaCl2(s) -860.1 C2H5OH(l) -277.6 BaCO3(s) -1218.8 CoO(s) -239.3 BaO(s) -558.1 Cr2O3(s) -1128.4 BaSO4(s) -1465.2 CuO(s) -155.2 CaCl2(s) -795.0 Cu2O(s) -166.7 CaCO3 -1207.0 CuS(s) -48.5 CaO(s) -635.5 CuSO4(s) -769.9 Ca(OH)2(s) -986.6 Fe2O3(s) -822.2 CaSO4(s) -1432.7 Fe3O4(s) -1120.9 CCl4(l) -139.5 HBr(g) -36.2 CH4(g) -74.8 HCl(g) -92.3 CHCl3(l) -131.8 HF(g) -268.6 CH3OH(l) -238.6 HI(g) +25.9 CO(g) -110.5 HNO3(l) -173.2 CO2(g) -393.5 H2O(g) -241.8 H2O(l) -285.8 NH4Cl(s) -315.4 H2O2(l) -187.6 NH4NO3(s) -365.1 H2S(g) -20.1 NO(g) +90.4 H2SO4(l) -811.3 NO2(g) +33.9 HgO(s) -90.7 NiO(s) -244.3 HgS(s) -58.2 PbBr2(s) -277.0 KBr(s) -392.2 PbCl2(s) -359.2 KCl(s) -435.9 PbO(s) -217.9 KClO3(s) -391.4 PbO2(s) -276.6 KF(s) -562.6 Pb3O4(s) -734.7 MgCl2(s) -641.8 PCl3(g) -306.4 MgCO3(s) -1113 PCl5(g) -398.9 MgO(s) -601.8 SiO2(s) -859.4 Mg(OH)2(s) -924.7 SnCl2(s) -349.8 MgSO4(s) -1278.2 SnCl4(l) -545.2 MnO(s) -384.9 SnO(s) -286.2 MnO2(s) -519.7 SnO2(s) -580.7 NaCl(s) -411.0 SO2(g) -296.1 NaF(s) -569.0 So3(g) -395.2 NaOH(s) -426.7 ZnO(s) -348.0 NH3(g) -46.2 ZnS(s) -202.9 Reference: Masterton, Slowinski, Stanitski, Chemical Principles, CBS College Publishing, 1983. Points To Remember for Enthalpy Calculations When using this heat of formation table for enthalpy calculations, remember the following: Calculate the change in enthalpy for a reaction using the heat of formation values of the  reactants  and  products.The enthalpy of an element in its standard state is zero. However, allotropes of an element not in the standard state typically do have enthalpy values. For example, the enthalpy values of O2 is zero, but there are values for singlet oxygen and ozone. The enthalpy of solid aluminum, beryllium, gold, and copper are zero. The vapor phases of these metal have enthalpy values.When you reverse the direction of a chemical reaction, the magnitude of ΔH is the same, but the sign changes.When you multiply a balanced equation for a chemical reaction by an integer value, the value of  ÃŽâ€H for that reaction must be multiplied by the integer, too. Sample Heat of Formation Problem For example, heat of formation values are used to find the heat of reaction for acetylene combustion: 2C2H2(g) 5O2(g) → 4CO2(g) 2H2O(g) 1) Check to make sure the equation is balanced. Youll be unable to calculate enthalpy change if the equation isnt balanced. If youre unable to get a correct answer to a problem, its a good idea to check the equation. There are many free online equation balancing programs that can check your work. 2) Use standard heats of formation for the products: ΔH ºf  CO2   -393.5 kJ/mole ΔH ºf  H2O -241.8 kJ/mole 3) Multiply these values by the stoichiometric coefficient. In this case, the value is 4 for carbon dioxide and 2 for water, based on the numbers of moles in the balanced equation: vpΔH ºf  CO2   4 mol (-393.5 kJ/mole) -1574 kJ vpΔH ºf  H2O 2 mol ( -241.8 kJ/mole) -483.6 kJ 4) Add the values to get the sum of the products. Sum of products (ÃŽ £ vpΔH ºf(products)) (-1574 kJ) (-483.6 kJ) -2057.6 kJ 5) Find enthalpies of the reactants. As with the products, use the standard heat of formation values from the table, multiply each by the stoichiometric  coefficient, and add them together to get the sum of the reactants. ΔH ºf  C2H2   227 kJ/mole vpΔH ºf  C2H2   2 mol (227 kJ/mole) 454 kJ ΔH ºf  O2   0.00 kJ/mole vpΔH ºf  O2   5 mol ( 0.00 kJ/mole) 0.00 kJ Sum of reactants (Δ vrΔH ºf(reactants)) (454 kJ) (0.00 kJ) 454 kJ 6) Calculate the heat of reaction by plugging the values into the formula: ΔH º Δ vpΔH ºf(products) - vrΔH ºf(reactants) ΔH º -2057.6 kJ - 454 kJ ΔH º -2511.6 kJ Finally, check the number of significant digits in your answer.

Aqa-Scly1-W-Qp-Jun11 Free Essays

General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Examination June 2011 Sociology Unit 1 Wednesday 18 May 2011 For this paper you must have: ? an AQA 8-page answer book. SCLY1 9. 00 am to 10. We will write a custom essay sample on Aqa-Scly1-W-Qp-Jun11 or any similar topic only for you Order Now 00 am Time allowed ? 1 hour Instructions ? Use black ink or black ball-point pen. ? Write the information required on the front of your answer book. The Examining Body for this paper is AQA. The Paper Reference is SCLY1. ? This paper is divided into three sections. ? Choose one section and answer all of the questions from that section. Do not answer questions from more than one section. ? Do all rough work in your answer book. Cross through any work you do not want to be marked. Information ? The marks for questions are shown in brackets. ? The maximum mark for this paper is 60. ? Questions carrying 24 marks should be answered in continuous prose. In these questions you will be marked on your ability to: – use good English – organise information clearly – use specialist vocabulary where appropriate. G/T64897/Jun11/SCLY1 6/6/ SCLY1 2 Choose one section and answer all of the questions from that section. Section A: Culture and Identity Total for this section: 60 marks Read Items 1A and 1B below and answer questions Item 1A Interactionists see a person’s identity as arising from interactions with other people and from how those interactions are interpreted. For example, social expectations about what is an appropriate leisure activity for an older person may influence what that person does in their spare time. This choice of leisure activity may affect how they see themselves and how others see them, both of which contribute to their sense of identity. Item 1B For Marxists, culture in society reflects ruling-class ideology. It expresses the distorted view of the world put forward by the dominant class and is important in maintaining the system of social inequality that exists in capitalist society. Functionalist sociologists argue that the culture of society reflects the shared values of that society. Society needs a shared culture to run effectively, and various agencies play their part in socialising members of society. 0 0 1 2 Explain what is meant by ‘socialisation’. 5 0 1 to 0 5 that follow. (2 marks) Suggest two reasons, apart from the one mentioned in Item 1A, why leisure choices may vary across different age groups. (4 marks) Identify three characteristics and/or concepts associated with interactionist views of culture and identity, apart from those mentioned in Item 1A. (6 marks) Examine sociological explanations of the ways in which ethnicity may shape social identity. (24 marks) Using material from Item 1B a nd elsewhere, assess sociological explanations of the role of culture in society. (24 marks) 0 3 0 4 0 5 G/T64897/Jun11/SCLY1 3 Section B: Families and Households Total for this section: 60 marks Read Items 2A and 2B below and answer questions Item 2A Many people see childhood as a natural stage of life that is determined by biology. What is expected of children is shaped by their age. However, sociologists suggest that childhood is a social construction. For example, changes in the laws regarding compulsory education and access to the labour market have shaped the experiences of children today. Item 2B Feminists take a critical view of the family. They argue that family life maintains and promotes gender inequality. For example, this is reflected in the domestic division of labour. Housework and childcare in the family, which are carried out mainly by women, are unpaid and hardly recognised as work at all. However, some sociologists suggest that feminist theories ignore the extent of family diversity. In fact, family roles and relationships are varied and therefore women’s experiences of family life are more diverse than some feminists suggest. 0 0 6 7 Explain what is meant by the ‘social construction’ of childhood (Item 2A). 0 6 to 1 0 that follow. 5 (2 marks) Suggest two ways, apart from those mentioned in Item 2A, in which government policies and/or laws may shape the experiences of children today. (4 marks) Identify three reasons why the birth rate has fallen since 1900. Examine the reasons for changes in the divorce rate since 1969. (6 marks) (24 marks) 0 0 1 8 9 0 Using material from Item 2B and elsew here, assess the contribution of feminist sociologists to an understanding of family roles and relationships. (24 marks) Turn over for Section C Turn over ? G/T64897/Jun11/SCLY1 4 Section C: Wealth, Poverty and Welfare Total for this section: 60 marks Read Items 3A and 3B below and answer questions Item 3A In the United Kingdom, there is a mixed economy of welfare provision. This means that a range of different individuals and organisations provides welfare. The state benefits system is part of this provision and includes some benefits that are universal and others that are means-tested or selective. Voluntary groups also provide welfare services alongside the state and other providers. Item 3B Some sociologists suggest that the attitudes and behaviour of the poor themselves are a significant factor in the existence and continuation of poverty. The poor have a distinct subculture that is different from the rest of society. This subculture encourages certain attitudes and behaviour that keep the poor locked in poverty. However, other sociologists question the existence of a set of different norms and values among the poor. Instead, they suggest that poverty arises from the structure and organisation of society. 1 1 1 2 Explain the difference between income and wealth. 1 1 to 1 5 that follow. 5 (4 marks) Suggest two advantages of welfare benefits being universal, rather than selective (Item 3A). (4 marks) Suggest two advantages of welfare provision by voluntary groups (Item 3A). (4 marks) 1 1 3 4 Examine the reasons for the increasing inequality of wealth in the United Kingdom since the 1970s. (24 marks) Using material from Item 3B and elsewhere, assess the view that the attitudes and the behaviour of the poor themselves are responsible for poverty. (24 marks) 1 5 END OF QUESTIONS Copyright  © 2011 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. G/T64897/Jun11/SCLY1 How to cite Aqa-Scly1-W-Qp-Jun11, Essay examples

Cultural Competent Care

Question: Discuss about theCultural Competent Care. Answer: Personal Reflection Before I registered for this unit, I had some little knowledge about different Australian communities. I knew that Australia is a diverse nation composed of people from different cultural backgrounds. As a non-indigenous individual, I knew and acknowledged that there are indigenous people like Aboriginals who live in different parts of the country. I also knew that the Aboriginals face numerous socioeconomic challenges that hinder them from accessing quality healthcare services in the country. So, when I registered for this unit, I was happy because I knew that it would give me an opportunity to learn lots of things. I was so enthusiastic to learn about the Australian communities. I had lots of expectations that I was looking forward to fulfill by the end of the unit. First, I was looking forward to learning about the composition of the Australian communities. I wanted to learn a lot about the meaning, similarities, and differences between the indigenous and non-indigenous communities in Australia. Secondly, I wanted to learn about the cultural traditions, beliefs, and values of the indigenous communities in Australia. I had some knowledge that the Aboriginals have a unique set of cultures which make them to be a special group in the country. However, I did not have a sound knowledge of the finer details of such practices because I have never gotten an opportunity to interact with the Aboriginals. Thirdly, I was hoping to learn about the health status of the Aboriginals. I wanted to know the social factors that determine the health of the Aboriginals and make them to require a special attention by the healthcare professionals. Lastly, I was hoping to learn about how the healthcare challenges facing the Aboriginals can be ultimately resolved so as to achieve health equality and equity in the country. I was looking forward to collaborating with my lecturer and fellow students to learn all these because they would make me to be a culturally-competent professional. I would like to point out that my expectations were met. It was a valuable unit because it gave me an opportunity to learn about the Aboriginal community as far as health is concerned. The first lesson I learnt is that the Aboriginals is a minority and disadvantaged group in the country. The community has not been able to access quality health care because of their proximity, poverty, ignorance, unemployment, and cultural views held on health care. Besides, I learnt that the delivery of healthcare services to the Aboriginals should be done by culturally-competent practitioners. Community involvement should be applied when attending to the Aboriginals because it can enable them to accept the service because it makes them feel appreciated, recognized, and accommodated. I learnt that such a strategy can help in improving the health status of the Aboriginals by reducing the high prevalence of lifestyle, respiratory, chronic, and cardiovascular diseases. These lessons changed my philosoph y because, now, I believe that I should be nothing, but a culturally-competent healthcare provider. Case Study The patient is an Aboriginal who should be adequately supported and empowered to improve his condition. A culturally-competent care will be delivered to the patient to enable him manage his diabetic condition. This will be done by carrying out the following: Effective Communication When attending to this Aboriginal patient, I will take the necessary measures to make him feel accepted. I will adopt a therapeutic approach when communicating with the patient. Here, I will make a good use of therapeutic communication strategies. The first thing I will do is to listen to the patient and give him enough time to express his opinions and respond to me. I will have to critically listen to him without unnecessarily interrupting him. Besides, I will allow him to tell me his opinion and respect them no matter how unique it might be. As an Aboriginal, the patient has got certain views that must be sough when attending to him. Therefore, I will have no choice rather than doing so. At the same time, I will accept the patient the way he is. Therapeutic care is a good strategy to apply when attending to an Aboriginal patient. Most Aboriginals do not seek healthcare services because of fear of exclusion or discrimination. However, this is what I will try to eliminate when serving the patient. I will dedicate my time to delivering a good service to this particular Aboriginal patient. The use of therapeutic communication will enable me to establish a good rapport with the patient. At the same time, it will give me an opportunity to win the confidence of the patient and make him to have a trust in me and the services rendered. Cultural Support The patient will be given a culturally-competent care. The care provided should be tailored to suit the needs of an Aboriginal. As an indigenous, the patient has a set of needs that should be met by the healthcare provider. Diabetes is one of the lifestyle diseases that are caused by certain behavioral practices like physical inactivity and smoking. Furthermore, research has established that there is a high prevalence of diabetes amongst the indigenous communities. Therefore, to help the patient, he should be approached using a cultural-friendly approach. The Aboriginals have certain cultural views that expose them to diabetes. Worse still, the Aboriginals engage in risky behaviors that make it difficult to manage the condition. Cultural competent care will be delivered by understanding and appreciating the cultural beliefs of the patient. Before attending to the patient, efforts should be made to know the patients views regarding the condition and the best ways through which an intervention can be delivered. If the patient is given a chance to make contributions, it will be much easier because an acceptable decision will be finally made on how to address the needs. Culturally-competent care can be best delivered if the patient feels respected and involved in the treatment process. Therefore, when attending to the patient, enough time will be taken to know the cultural needs of the patient before taking deliberate steps to satisfy them as required. Reference to the patients cultural views s paramount because it will enable the healthcare provider to accommodate and satisfy all of them. Health Educational Support The patient will be provided with adequate education on diabetes. As already hinted, diabetes is a lifestyle disease that is associated with risky behaviors such as smoking and lack of physical exercises. These are the behaviors that increase the chances of contracting the disease. Therefore, when dealing with the condition, all these issues must be adequately addressed. Meaning, the patient should be taught much about the causes, symptoms, effects, management, and preventive measures for diabetes. This information is important and can empower the patient to make important decisions that can help in improving his health. All the teachings should center on issues like medication compliance, physical exercises, diet, and smoking. When teaching the patient, a culturally-competent approach should be applied. Here, the healthcare provider should use effective communication skills to teach the patient. The practitioner should critically listen to the patient and treat him with the due respect he deserves. The teaching session should be interactive and accommodative. It should cater for the interests of the patient and give him the teachings that will benefit him. If taught how to change the behavior, the patient will be empowered to know how to handle his condition. Many Aboriginals are suffering from diseases like diabetes because of the poor choices made. Therefore, when attending to the patient, it can be much better if the health provider incorporates an aboriginal practitioner. If this is done, the patient can readily accept the service because it is exclusively designed for his own benefit. Provision of Medication In the care plan, the practitioner should take the necessary efforts to prioritize the needs of the patient. After a thorough assessment of the condition, the patient should be given a drug prescription. The drug should be prescribed because it is necessary in managing the patients condition. By prescribing an appropriate medication, the patient will be empowered to effectively manage the condition. It will help in minimizing the physical and emotional pains that might be experienced by the patient. However, the medicine provided should be able to help the patient to address all the pains. At the same time, it should be a medication that is administered in line with the patients cultural views (Parker Milroy, 2014). Before prescribing the medication, it is commendable to know the cultural views of the patient towards the drug before taking the necessary measures to accommodate it. Culture should be considered while prescribing the drug because Aboriginals have certain traditional views towards medicine. The views must be considered because they can determine the success of the administered drugs. As an Aboriginal, the patient subscribes to certain cultural values that must be respected. All these must be accommodated when attending to the patient because it will make him comfortable and satisfied. Culturally-competent is a very important practice that should be applied when attending to such patients because without it, the services provided cannot appeal to the patient. Diabetes is a condition that can be effectively managed if suitable medications are prescribed and administered as directed by the physician.